ETHSEM

Ki Hajar Dewantara

Ki Hadjar Dewantara was an Indonesian educational figure known as a pioneer of national education and the Father of Indonesian Education. His real name was Raden Mas Soewardi Soeryaningrat, born on May 2, 1889, in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Dewantara developed a trilogy of philosophies that became the foundation of Indonesian education: “Ing Ngarsa Sung Tuladha, Ing Madya Mangun Karsa, Tut Wuri Handayani”. Each philosophy holds a deep meaning regarding the role of teachers and education in shaping students' character:

• Ing Ngarsa Sung Tuladha means setting an example when in front. Teachers or educational leaders must be good examples for their students through their actions, attitudes, and behaviors. Teachers must impart moral and ethical values to their students.
• Ing Madya Mangun Karsa means building enthusiasm (or spirit) when in the middle. Teachers must be able to arouse students' enthusiasm, motivation, and spirit. Teachers must be able to stimulate students' creativity and interest in learning so that they become individuals who are passionate about learning and developing.
• Tut Wuri Handayani means providing encouragement from behind. Teachers must support and guide students to develop and discover their potential. Teachers provide opportunities for students to learn independently by offering direction and motivation from behind....

  
  Ki Hadjar Dewantara proposed the concept of education based on Kodrat Alam (“the nature of nature”) and Kodrat Zaman (“the nature of times”). Education based on Kodrat Alam is viewed as a process of cultural fulfillment; therefore, teaching must develop and nurture children's local characteristics and wisdom. The process of cultural continuity through education is essential for the nation to continue striving to achieve its goals. Ki Hadjar Dewantara viewed the uniqueness of individual nature and cultural development as interconnected and dynamic elements progressing within an education system. Education based on Kodrat Zaman refers to the current conditions experienced by students, such as the era of the Industrial Revolution 4.0. Regarding the qualifications needed for the 21st century, the Partnership for 21st Century Skills framework states that four skills must be mastered by students: Critical Thinking, Communication, Collaboration, and Creativity. Read Less

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